I. Uhlolojikelele

Njengesu elisebenzayo lokwakha ukhonkolo, ubuchwepheshe be-dry-mix shotcrete bubambe isikhundla esibalulekile emkhakheni wokwakha wobunjiniyela, ngomshini wokufafaza we-shotcrete owomile osebenza njengesisetshenziswa esiyinhloko sokuqalisa lobu buchwepheshe. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngenxa yokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwamaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda afana nokumbiwa kwezimbiwa phansi, ukuthuthwa komhubhe, nokuvikelwa kwemithambeka, isidingo semakethe semishini yokuhlanganisa i-dry-mix shotcrete besilokhu sikhula kancane kancane. Ngomgomo wayo oyingqayizivele wokusebenza nokusebenza okuphakeme, le mishini ithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokwakhiwa, iqinisekisa ikhwalithi yephrojekthi, futhi inikeza ukusekelwa okuthembekile kokusebenza kokufuthwa kwekhonkrithi ezimeni ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi.

II. Iyini inqubo eyomile ye-shotcrete?

Inqubo kakhonkolo ye-dry-spray, efushanisiwe njengenqubo ye-dry-spray, ihilela ukuxuba ngokulinganayo izinto ezomile-njengosimende nama-aggregates-ngokulinganisa okunqunywe kusengaphambili. Lezi zinto zihanjiswa ngohlelo lokulethwa kubhobho lokufafaza, lapho zihlanganiswa khona ngokushesha namanzi anomfutho omkhulu ukuze zenze udaka lukakhonkolo. Ekugcineni, umoya ocindezelweyo uqhubezela udaka ngesivinini esikhulu endaweni yokusebenza, lapho ubeka khona futhi uqine.
Inqubo ye-dry-spray ibonisa izici ezimbili ezibalulekile: Okokuqala, ihlanganisa isilinganiso esiphansi sikasimende wamanzi. Njengoba amanzi nezinto ezomile zixubene kuphela ku-nozzle, ukungezwa kwamanzi kungalawulwa ngokunembile, okuholela ekuqineni okuphezulu, ukhonkolo ominyene ngemva kokumiswa. Okwesibili, inikeza isivinini sokusetha ngokushesha. Uma kuhlanganiswe nama-accelerator, ukhonkolo uzuza amandla okuqala ngesikhathi esifushane, okuvumela ukusebenza kosekelo olusheshayo—okuwenza afaneleke ngokukhethekile amaphrojekthi adinga ukuqiniswa okuphuthumayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokufafaza okumanzi, ukufafaza okomile kuqeda isidingo sodaka lukakhonkolo oluxutshwe ngaphambili. Umshini wayo owomile wokufafaza i-shotcrete uminyene kakhulu futhi uyahamba, unezidingo eziphansi zokuqukethwe komswakamo zezinto ezingavuthiwe. Lokhu kuyenza ilungele izindawo zokwakha ezingenamanzi, ezikude, noma ezivalekile. Kodwa-ke, ikhiqiza ukukhishwa kothuli okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa ngesikhathi sokusebenza, okudinga izinyathelo zokuvikela eziqinile kuzo zombili indawo yokusebenza kanye nabaqhubi.

III. Uyini umshini wokufafaza owomile we-shotcrete?

Umshini wokufafaza we-shotcrete owomile uyisisetshenziswa sokwakha esiyinhloko esinikezelwe ekwenzeni inqubo yokuhlanganisa okomile. Idlulisela ngomshini udaka oluxutshwe okomile ku-nozzle, ihlanganise namanzi anomfutho ophezulu nomoya ocindezelwe ukuze kuqedelwe imisebenzi yokufafaza ngokhonkolo. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekusekeleni, ekufakeni ulayini, nasekuqiniseni ukwakhiwa kwamaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene wobunjiniyela.

IV. Iyini ukusetshenziswa komshini we-shotcrete?

Ngokusebenza kwabo okuguquguqukayo nokusebenza okuthembekile,imishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomileasetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni komhubhe, kwezobunjiniyela bomphakathi, kumaphrojekthi okonga amanzi, nasekulungiseni izimo eziphuthumayo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithize zifaka:
1. Ukwakhiwa Komhubhe: Izinsiza ezibalulekile zosekelo lokuqala kanye nolayini besibili kuthelawayeka, ujantshi, kanye namaphrojekthi kaloliwe wokuthutha wasemadolobheni. Ngemva kokumbiwa komhubhe, umshini ufutha ukhonkolo endaweni ezungezile yedwala ukuze kwakhe ungqimba lokuqala lokusekela, okunqanda ukuguquguquka kwamadwala. Ngemva kokuphothulwa kosekelo lokuqala, ingakwazi futhi ukufafaza ulayini wesibili ukuze ithuthukise ukuqina nokuqina kwawo wonke umhubhe. Ifanele kakhulu izindawo ezivalekile njengamathaneli, inikeza ukulawuleka okuphezulu futhi ijwayelana namathaneli anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bezigaba ezihlukene.
2. Ubunjiniyela Bezokwakha: Kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekuzinziseni kwemithambeka, ukugubha umgodi, kanye nokuqinisa isakhiwo. Ezindaweni ezijwayele ukubhidlika njengemithambeka yezintaba kanye nezingongolo zemigwaqo, ukhonkolo ofuthiwe wenza isendlalelo sokuqinisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuzinza kwemithambeka. Ngesikhathi sokumba isisekelo sokwakha, imishini ye-dry-mix shotcrete isekela izindonga zomgodi ukuvimbela ukuwa. Iphinde iqinise izakhiwo zokuguga ngokufafaza ukhonkolo ezingxenyeni ezithile ukuze kuthuthukiswe umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo kanye nokuqina.
3. Ubunjiniyela Be-Hydraulic: Isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukulungisa amadamu, ukuqinisa ama-culvert, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamashaneli. Emadamu anemifantu noma avuzayo, ukulungiswa kwe-shotcrete futhi kuqiniswe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukungakwazi ukubola kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka. Ekulungiseni ama-culverts, imisele yamanzi, nezinye izakhiwo ezisebenza ngogesi, imishini ye-dry-mix shotcrete iqeda ngokushesha imisebenzi yokufafaza, iqinisekisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwendawo. Ukwengeza, isetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kolayini besiteshi ukunciphisa ukulahleka kokugeleza kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokuhanjiswa kwamanzi.
4. Izicelo Zokulungisa Isimo Esiphuthumayo: Le mishini yokufafaza i-dry shotcrete idlala indima ebalulekile ekulungiseni izimo eziphuthumayo ezindaweni zezinhlekelele njengokuzamazama komhlaba, ukudilika kwenhlabathi, nezigameko zokuwa. Emabhilidini abhidlikile, imigwaqo, amabhuloho, nezinye izakhiwo, izifutho zikakhonkolo zengxube eyomile zivumela ukufaka ukhonkolo ngokushesha ukuze kuqiniswe isikhashana, ukuvimbela ukwanda okwengeziwe kwezinhlekelele. Kulandela izinhlekelele zezikhukhula, ivumela ukufafazwa kukakhonkolo ngokushesha ukuze kulungiswe unqenqema nokulungiswa kwemigwaqo, kusheshiswe ukubuyiselwa kokusebenza kwengqalasizinda kanye nokufinyeleleka kwayo.

V. Izinzuzo ezibalulekile kanye nezinzuzo zemishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile

Ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwezifutho zikakhonkolo zengxube eyomile kuzo zonke izinkambu zobunjiniyela eziningi zisukela ezinhlelweni zazo eziyinhloko, ikakhulukazi:
1. Ukusebenza Kahle Kokwakha:Izifutho zikakhonkolo zixube okomilefinyelela amazinga okufaka isicelo ngokushesha, ngokuvamile afinyelela ku-5-20 cubic metres ngehora, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamaphrojekthi amakhulu, azwela isikhathi. Ukwengeza, okokusebenza kuqeda isidingo sodaka lukakhonkolo oluxutshwe ngaphambili, ukweqa ukuxuba kukakhonkolo nezinyathelo zokuthutha ukuze kuqhutshekwe kufinyezwe imijikelezo yokwakha futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle okuphelele. Isibonelo, ekwakhiweni kokuqala kokusekela umhubhe, izifutho zikakhonkolo zengxube eyomile zinika amandla ukusebenza okuqhubekayo, zinciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokufakwa kosekelo.
2. Ukuguquguquka Okuhle Kakhulu Kwempahla: Lo mshini uhambisana nezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene zengxube eyomile futhi unezidingo eziguquguqukayo zosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezihlanganisiwe kanye nokugreda. Amabanga ahlukene wamandla usimende kanye nezinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe (isb., isihlabathi somfula, itshe elichotshoziwe, isihlabathi esakhiwe) zingakhethwa ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zephrojekthi. Ukwengeza, izixube ezifana nama-accelerator kanye nezinciphisi zamanzi zingangezwa njengoba kudingekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle okuphathekayo, kuyenze ifaneleke izimo zephrojekthi ezihlukahlukene.
3. Ukuzivumelanisa Nemvelo Okuqinile: Imishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile ibonisa ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nezindawo ezinokhahlo, igcina ukusebenza okuzinzile ngaphansi kwezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nokuphakama okuphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphansi, izimo ezomile, namazinga aphezulu othuli. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa komhubhe onguthelawayeka ezindaweni eziphakeme, okokusebenza kungaqala futhi kusebenze ngokujwayelekile ngaphandle kokuthintwa umfutho womoya ophansi noma izindawo ezinomoya ophansi. Ezimweni zokushisa eziphansi, uma isetshenziswa nama-anti-freeze agents, isaqinisekisa izinga lokufafaza ukhonkolo kanye namandla okusetha, okwenza kube ifaneleka kumaphrojekthi wokwakha ezindaweni ezikude nasezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.
4. Isakhiwo Esihlangene Nokuhamba Okuhle Kakhulu: Imishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile ihlanganisa umklamo ohlangene onezinyawo ezincane nesisindo esincane, okwenza kube lula ukuhamba nokuthuthwa. Ukuze kwakhiwe ezindaweni ezivalekile njengamathaneli namashafti asemayini, okokusebenza kungalungisa kalula indawo yayo yokusebenza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukumbozwa okuphelele ngaphandle kwamabala angaboni. Ukwengeza, amamodeli athile aphathekayo asekela izinto zokuhamba ezigibele imoto noma ezidonsayo, okuzenza zifanelekele amaphrojekthi anezindawo zokusebenza ezihlakazekile kanye nezindawo zokusebenza eziningi.
5. Ukusebenza Kahle Kwezindleko Nezindleko Ezilawulekayo: Inqubo yengxube eyomile ilawula ngokunembile izilinganiso zikasimende wamanzi nokusetshenziswa kwempahla, ukunciphisa udoti okhonkolo nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Isakhiwo esilula semishini kanye nezingxenye ezishintshayo kusiza ukunakekelwa okulula ngezindleko eziphansi zokunakekela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhawulo wayo wokusebenza ophansi uma kuqhathaniswa awudingi opharetha abakhethekile bobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ukwehlisa izindleko zabasebenzi kanye nokuletha izinzuzo ezibalulekile zezomnotho zizonke.
6. Amandla ebhondi aphezulu kakhonkolo ofuthwe: Inqubo yengxube eyomile isebenzisa isilinganiso esiphansi sikasimende samanzi. Ngaphansi komthelela wokugeleza komoya wesivinini esikhulu, udaka lukakhonkolo lunamathela ngokuqinile endaweni yokusebenza. Isendlalelo sikakhonkolo esiwumphumela sibonisa amandla ebhondi aphezulu nedwala elizungezile noma isendlalelo sesisekelo, ukuminyana okuhle kakhulu, nokudluliselwa komthwalo okuphumelelayo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuzinza nokuthembeka kokusekela noma ulayini. Ukwengeza, isilinganiso esiphansi sikasimende samanzi sinikeza amandla aphezulu okucindezela kanye nokumelana namanzi kukhonkolo, ngaleyo ndlela sandise impilo yesevisi yesakhiwo.

VI. Izinhlobo zeimishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile

Ubukhulu bokuhlukanisa	Uhlobo oluthile	Izici ezibalulekile	Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza
Ngohlobo Lwamandla	Imoto kagesi	Izindleko eziphansi zokusebenza, ukusebenza okulula, ukuqala okulula nokuma, ukulawula okulula; isakhiwo esihlangene, usayizi omncane, olungele ukusebenza ezindaweni ezincane; akukho kukhishwa kwe-exhaust, kuyahambisana nemvelo.	Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimayini, emhubheni, emigwaqweni, emigwaqweni engaphansi komhlaba, kumaphrojekthi kagesi wamanzi, njll.
	I-Pneumatic Motor	Akukho ugesi odingekayo, ofanele iziza zokusebenza ezikude ezingenawo ugesi noma ukufinyelela kwamandla kagesi; isakhiwo esilula nesithembekile, esingalimazi kalula.	Ifanele imisebenzi emincane efana nokwakhiwa kwamachibi okubhukuda, ukwakhiwa komhubhe, kanye nokuqiniswa kwemithambeka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude.
	Injini Dizili	Ukukhishwa kwamandla okunamandla, okukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla aphezulu wemishini emikhulu; ukuhamba okuphezulu, akukho ukuncika ekunikezeni amandla angaguquki, kungahanjiswa kalula kumasayithi okusebenzela ahlukene.	Ifanele amaphrojekthi angaphandle afana namahubhu amakhulu, ukuvikelwa kwemithambeka, amaphrojekthi okonga amanzi, nezindawo ezingenawo ugesi owanele noma ongenawo.
Ngekhono Lokukhiqiza (Ivolumu Yokukhiphayo)	3-5m3/h	Ivolumu encane yokukhipha, usayizi ohlangene, ukusebenza okulula.	Amaphrojekthi amancane, imisebenzi yokulungisa nsuku zonke.
	5-10m3/h	Amandla okukhiqiza amaphakathi, afanele izidingo eziningi ezijwayelekile zobunjiniyela.	Amaphrojekthi wokwakha jikelele, ukwakhiwa komhubhe onguthelawayeka.
	>10m3/h	Ivolumu enkulu yokukhipha, amandla okusebenza aqinile aqhubekayo, ukucushwa komsebenzi osindayo.	Amaphrojekthi amakhulu, ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda emikhulu.

VII. Izingxenye ezisele zomshini wokufafaza i-shotcrete

Izingxenye eziyisipele zemishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza okuvamile kanye nokwelula isikhathi sokuphila kwemishini. Izingxenye eziyisipele eziyinhloko ngokuyinhloko zifaka lezi zigaba ezilandelayo, kanye nesidingo sezindlela zokulungisa zesayensi:
1. Imibhobho: Njengengxenye yokugcina yomjovo kakhonkolo wodaka, imibhobho ithinta ngokuqondile udaka lukakhonkolo lwesivinini esikhulu kanye namaqoqo, okuwenza abe ngenye yezingxenye ezigqokwa ngokushesha kakhulu emishinini. Ivamise ukwenziwa ngama-alloys angagugi noma i-polyurethane, ukwakheka kwawo kwesakhiwo kuthinta ngqo ingxube kakhonkolo ehlanganisa ukusebenza kahle nokumbozwa kwesifutho. Ukugqokwa, ukuguqulwa, noma ukuvaleka kwemibhobho kuholela ekufutheni okungalingani kanye nokuncipha kwengcindezi, kubeke engcupheni ikhwalithi yokwakha. Ngakho-ke, ama-nozzles ayizingxenye ezibalulekile ezisele. Kunconywa ukuthi kugcinwe inani elanele ngokususelwa kumthamo wokwakha, ngokuvamile kushintshwa imibhobho njalo ngo-500-1000 cubic metres kakhonkolo ofuthiwe.
2. Amashubhu Angagudluki: Asetshenziselwa ukudlulisa udaka oluxutshwe okomile kanye nodaka lukakhonkolo, izindonga zalo zangaphakathi zibekezelela ukungqubuzana nomthelela ovela ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo, okuholela ekugugile, ukunciphisa, noma ngisho nokuphuka. Lokhu kubangela ukuvuza kwezinto kanye nokulahlekelwa kwengcindezi ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Amashubhu angagugi ngokuvamile enziwa ngerabha engazweli noma i-polyurethane, ngokukhethwa kwempahla okusekelwe ebangeni lokuthutha kanye nezakhiwo zempahla. Hlola njalo amapayipi angagugi ukuze uthole umonakalo. Zishintshe ngokushesha lapho ukujiya kodonga kuncipha ngaphezu kuka-30% noma ukuvuza kwenzeka ukuze kuvinjwe ukuncipha kokuphumelela kokudlulisa.
3. Izindandatho Zokuvala: Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni zokuxhunywa kwemishini (isb., izinsimbi zokubeka isitoreji kumasistimu okuthutha, amalunga epayipi ezinto ezibonakalayo, izixhumanisi zokuhlanganisa umoya) ukuze kuvalwe umoya nokuvuza kwempahla. Izindandatho zophawu ngokuvamile zenziwe ngerabha noma nge-silicone. Ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kungabangela ukuguga, ukuguqulwa, noma ukuqhekeka, okuholela ekuhlulekeni kwezimpawu. Ngakho-ke, izindandatho zophawu ziyizingxenye ezivamile eziyisipele ezidinga ukuhlolwa njalo nokushintshwa. Ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwemishini, hlola kahle isimo sazo zonke izindandatho zophawu.
4. I-Air Valve: Isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukugeleza komoya okucindezelwe kanye nokulawulwa kwengcindezi, lokhu kuyisici esibalulekile sokulawula emishinini yokudubula ye-pneumatic dry-mix shotcrete. I-valve core kanye nesihlalo sibekezelela umthelela omude osuka emoyeni womfutho ophezulu kanye nokuguga ngenxa yokungcola, okuwenza athambekele ekunamatheleni, ekuvuzeni, nezinye izinkinga ezithinta ukuzinza kwengcindezi yesifutho. Kunconywa ukuhlanzwa njalo nokugcotshwa kwe-valve yomoya, kanye nokuhlolwa komgogodla we-valve nokuguga kwesihlalo. Faka esikhundleni ngokushesha lapho ukungasebenzi kahle kwenzeka.
5. Isikrini Sesihlungi: Sifakwe endaweni yokuphakelayo ye-hopper yokugcina, sihlunga izinhlayiya ezinkulu nezigaxa odakeni oluxutshwe okomile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvaleka kwesistimu yokudlulisela kanye nemibhobho. Ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kubangela ukuthi isikrini sivalwe ukungcola, kwehle izinga lokuphakelayo. Kudinga ukuqaqa nokuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile. Uma isikrini silimele, sishintshele sona ngokushesha ukuze uvimbele ukungcola ukuthi kungangeni emishinini futhi kubangele ukungasebenzi kahle.

VIII. Intengo yomshini wokufafaza we-shotcrete owomile

Intengo yemishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile ithonywa izici eziningi, ngokuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene nokulungiselelwa. Uhlobo lomshini wokufafaza namandla okukhiphayo yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithinta intengo. Izifutho zikakhonkolo zengxube eyomile eziphathwayo, ezibonakala ngosayizi ohlangene kanye nokukhishwayo okuphansi (ngaphansi kwama-cubic metres ama-5 ngehora), azithengeki uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngokuphambene, imishini emikhulu yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile inomphumela ophezulu (ngaphezu kwama-cubic metres ayi-10 ngehora) kanye nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuholela ezindlekweni eziphezulu. Isibonelo, imishini yethu encane yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile ngokuvamile isukela ku-$3,000 ukuya ku-$7,000 USD, kuyilapho amamodeli amakhulu angabiza phakathi kuka-$8,000 no-$28,000 USD.

IX. Imibuzo evamise ukubuzwa (FAQs) mayelana nemishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile

Ngezansi imibuzo evamile abasebenzisi abahlangabezana nayo lapho bekhetha futhi besebenzaimishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile, kanye nezimpendulo ezinemininingwane:
1. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwemishini yokufafaza ukhonkolo ne-dry-mix? Impendulo: Umehluko oyinhloko usekulungiseni okuphathekayo nezindlela zokulethwa. Imishini ye-dry-mix shotcrete ithutha ingxube yodaka olomile, exutshwa namanzi emlonyeni; imishini ye-wet-mix shotcrete iletha udaka lukakhonkolo oluxutshwe ngaphambili ukuze lufuthwe ngokuqondile. Mayelana nokusebenza, imishini ye-dry-mix shotcrete ihlangene, ihamba kakhulu, futhi iyabiza, iyenza ifanelekele izindawo ezivalekile kanye namaphrojekthi amancane kuya kokuphakathi. Kodwa-ke, akhiqiza ukukhishwa kwezintuli okuphezulu futhi angase abonise ikhwalithi yokukhonkolo efanayo kancane kancane. Imishini ye-Wet-mix shotcrete ifaka ukukhishwa kothuli oluphansi, ikhwalithi kakhonkolo engaguquki, namandla aphakeme, okuyenza ilungele amaphrojekthi amakhulu, asezingeni eliphezulu. Nokho, zikhulu kakhulu, zibiza kakhulu, futhi zifuna ukulawula okuqinile kokuqukethwe komswakama.
2. Umuntu kufanele awukhethe kanjani umshini wokufafaza we-shotcrete owomile ukuze kwakhiwe umhubhe? Impendulo: Uma ukhetha isifutho sengxube eyomile sokwakhiwa komhubhe, cabangela ubukhulu be-tunnel cross-sectional, izidingo zeshejuli yokwakha, nendawo yokusebenza etholakalayo. Emahubheni amancane (indawo ephambanayo engu-< 10 m²), imishini ye-shotcrete ehlangene eyomile ekwazi ukuhamba kahle ifanele izindawo ezivalekile. Kumathaneli anosayizi omaphakathi (indawo ephambanayo engu-10–20 m²), kunconywa imishini yosayizi omaphakathi ye-dry-mix shotcrete, enikeza okukhiphayo okumaphakathi (5–10 m³/h) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo eziqhubekayo zokwakha. Kumathaneli amakhulu (indawo ephambanayo >20 m²) noma amaphrojekthi anesikhathi esinqunyiwe esiqinile, imishini emikhulu ye-dry-mix shotcrete ekhiphayo okuphezulu (≥10 m³/h) kufanele kukhethwe. Ukwengeza, izinto zokusebenza ezinokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqokwa zibalulekile ukuze zimelane nesimo esinzima somhubhe.
3. Uyini umjikelezo wokunakekela imishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile? Impendulo: Imijikelezo yesondlo ihlukaniswe ngokwezigaba zokunakekelwa kwansuku zonke, ngezikhathi ezithile, kanye nonyaka. Ukugcinwa Kwansuku zonke (ngaphambi/ngemuva kosuku ngalunye lomsebenzi): Hlanza izindawo zokusebenza nezinsimbi; hlola ukugqokwa kwe-nozzle kanye ne-feed hose; hlola ubuqotho bophawu kukho konke ukuxhumana; gcoba amafutha. Ukugcinwa Kwezikhathi ezithile (njalo ngamahora okusebenza angama-50): Yenza ukuhlola okuphelele kokusebenza kwesikulufu sokuphakelayo kanye nokusebenza kwevalvu yomoya; izihlungi ezihlanzekile; hlola uhlelo lwe-hydraulic (uma lukhona) ukucindezelwa kukawoyela nokuvuza; buyisela ama-nozzles aguge kakhulu kanye nezimpawu. Ukugcinwa Kwaminyaka Yonke (njalo ngamahora okusebenza ayi-1000 noma ngonyaka): Hlukanisa izingxenye ezibalulekile (isb., isistimu yokudlulisa, isistimu yokulawula) ukuze kulungiswe kabusha; esikhundleni sikawoyela we-hydraulic osekhulile, okothambisa, nezimpawu; yenza ukulinganisa okuphelele kwemishini ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kuhlangabezana nezicaciso zedizayini.



4. Yini edala ukufafaza ngokungalingani phakathiimishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile? Indlela yokuyixazulula? Impendulo: Izimbangela eziyinhloko zifaka: ① Izilinganiso ezingalingani zodaka olomile noma ukunqwabelana; ② Izinga lokuphakelayo elingazinzile; ③ Amanzi anganele noma angalingani; ④ Ingcindezi yesifutho eshintshashintshayo; ⑤ Ukugqokwa kombhobho oqinile. Izixazululo: ① Hlola ikhwalithi yodaka olomile ukuze uqinisekise ukulingana kwengxube efanayo. Susa ama-clumps ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa; faka amadivaysi okuxuba kuma-hoppers okugcina uma kunesidingo; ② Hlola isistimu yokuphakelayo (isb., isikulufu se-auger, idivayisi yokudlulisa umoya) bese ulungisa izinga lokuphakela ukuze uqinisekise ukudla okufanayo; ③ Hlola isistimu yokuphakelwa kwamanzi futhi ulungise ukugeleza kwamanzi ukuze ugcine isilinganiso esifanele samanzi ukuya kokubalulekile. Faka i-valve yokulawula ukugeleza ku-nozzle ukuze uthole ukulawulwa kwamanzi okunembile; ④ Qinisekisa isimo sokusebenza kwe-compressor yomoya ukuze uqinisekise umfutho wokufafaza ozinzile. Lungisa noma shintsha i-compressor ngokushesha uma ingcindezi inganele; ⑤ Hlola umlomo wombhobho ukuthi awugugile bese uwushintsha ngokushesha uma usuguge kakhulu.
5. Yibuphi ubude obuphezulu besifutho kanye nobubanzi bemishini yokufafaza i-shotcrete eyomile? Impendulo: Ubude besifutho esiphezulu nobubanzi buncike ohlotsheni lwemishini, ukucindezela kwesifutho, nobude bepayipi. Izifutho eziphathwayo zengxube eyomile ngokuvamile zifinyelela ubude obungamamitha angu-5-8 kanye nobubanzi obuvundlile obungamamitha angu-8-12. Imishini ye-pneumatic dry-spray emaphakathi ifinyelela ukuphakama okuphezulu kwamamitha ayi-10-15 kanye nebanga eliphakeme lamamitha ayi-12-18; Imishini emikhulu ye-dry-spray ifinyelela ku-15-20 amamitha ukuphakama okuphezulu kanye namamitha angu-18-25 ububanzi obukhulu. Ukuze ukhuphule ukuphakama kwesifutho noma ububanzi, nweba ubude bepayipi lokuphakelayo (ngenkathi ubala ukulahlekelwa kwengcindezi, ngokuvamile engeqi amamitha angu-50) noma sebenzisa i-compressor yomoya enomfutho ophezulu ukuze ukhulise ukucindezela kwesifutho. Ukwengeza, ukuphakama kwesifutho nobubanzi kuncike esilinganisweni sengxube ye-slurry kakhonkolo kanye nokugeleza, okudinga ukulungiswa okufanele kwesilinganiso samanzi nosimende kanye nomthamo we-admixture.
6. Ingabe umshini wokufafaza owomile we-shotcrete kulula ukuwusebenzisa? Ingabe abaqhubi badinga ukuqeqeshwa? Impendulo: Ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwesifutho sengxube eyomile kuqondile, ikakhulukazi kuhilela ukuqalisa kwemishini, ukulungiswa kwezinga lokuphakelayo, ukulawulwa kokuphakelwa kwamanzi, nokulawula ukucindezela kwesifutho. Kodwa-ke, ukufeza ukusebenza okunembayo nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokwakha kudinga ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe kubaqhubi. Ukuqeqeshwa kufanele kufake: izimiso zokusebenza kwemishini, imisebenzi yengxenye ebalulekile, izinqubo zokusebenza, izindlela zokulungisa ipharamitha, ukunakekelwa kwansuku zonke, izinyathelo zokuphepha, nezinyathelo zokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo. Abaqhubi abangaqeqeshiwe bangase babangele ukungasebenzi kahle kwemishini, ikhwalithi yesifutho esezingeni eliphansi, noma izehlakalo zokuphepha (isb., ubuthi othulini, ukulimala okuhlobene namathuluzi) ngenxa yokuphatha ngendlela engafanele. Ngakho-ke, opharetha kufanele baqeqeshelwe umsebenzi futhi bathole izitifiketi ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi.