I. Mwachidule

Monga njira yabwino yopangira konkriti, ukadaulo wa dry-mix shotcrete uli ndi udindo waukulu pantchito yomanga uinjiniya, pomwe makina opopera owuma a shotcrete omwe amagwira ntchito ngati zida zoyambira kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu. M'zaka zaposachedwa, motsogozedwa ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwa ntchito zomanga zomangamanga monga kukumba mchere, mayendedwe a ngalande, komanso kuteteza malo otsetsereka, kufunikira kwa msika wamakina ophatikizika owuma kwakhala kukukulirakulira. Ndi ndondomeko yake yapadera yogwiritsira ntchito komanso ntchito yabwino kwambiri, chipangizochi chimapangitsa kuti ntchito yomanga ikhale yabwino, imatsimikizira kuti polojekitiyi ndi yabwino, ndipo imapereka chithandizo chodalirika cha kupopera mankhwala konkire muzochitika zosiyanasiyana zovuta.

II. Kodi njira youma ya shotcrete ndi yotani?

Njira ya konkire yowuma, yofupikitsidwa ngati njira yowuma-popera, imaphatikizapo kusakaniza mofanana zinthu zowuma-monga simenti ndi zophatikizana-molingana ndi zomwe zidakonzedweratu. Zidazi zimaperekedwa kudzera mu njira yoperekera ku mphuno ya sprayer, komwe amasakanikirana ndi madzi othamanga kwambiri kuti apange konkriti slurry. Potsirizira pake, mpweya woponderezedwa umapangitsa slurry pa liwiro lapamwamba kupita pamwamba pa ntchito, kumene imakhazikika ndi kuumitsa.
Njira yowuma yowuma imawonetsa zinthu ziwiri zofunika: Choyamba, imakhala ndi chiŵerengero chochepa cha simenti yamadzi. Popeza kuti madzi ndi zipangizo zowuma zimasakanizidwa pamphuno, kuwonjezera madzi kungathe kuyendetsedwa bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale konkriti yamphamvu kwambiri, yowundana pambuyo pokhazikitsa. Chachiwiri, imapereka liwiro lokhazikika mwachangu. Ikaphatikizidwa ndi ma accelerator, konkire imapeza mphamvu zoyambira munthawi yochepa, ndikupangitsa kuti zithandizire mwachangu - kuzipangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera pama projekiti omwe amafunikira kulimbikitsidwa mwachangu. Poyerekeza ndi chonyowa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, youma kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa amathetsa kufunika chisanadze wothira konkire slurry. Makina ake opopera a shotcrete owuma ndi ophatikizika komanso oyenda, okhala ndi zofunikira zochepa za chinyezi pazida zopangira. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala koyenera kumalo omangira opanda madzi, akutali, kapena otsekeka. Komabe, zimatulutsa mpweya wochuluka kwambiri panthawi yogwira ntchito, zomwe zimafunikira njira zotetezera zolimba kwa onse ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito.

III. Kodi makina opopera mankhwala owuma ndi chiyani?

Makina opopera owuma a shotcrete ndiye zida zomangira zomwe zimaperekedwa popanga konkriti yowuma. Imatumiza mwamakina kapena pneumatically matope osakaniza owuma ku mphuno, ndikuphatikiza ndi madzi othamanga kwambiri ndi mpweya woponderezedwa kuti amalize ntchito yopopera konkire. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pothandizira, kuyika mizere, ndi kulimbikitsa ntchito zomanga zosiyanasiyana.

IV. Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito makina a shotcrete ndi chiyani?

Ndi ntchito yawo yosinthika komanso magwiridwe antchito odalirika,makina opopera mbewu mankhwalawa owumaamagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga ngalande, zomangamanga, ntchito zosungira madzi, ndi kukonza mwadzidzidzi. Mapulogalamu apadera ndi awa:
1. Kumanga Tunnel: Zipangizo zoyambira zothandizira ndi kuyanika kwachiwiri m'mapulojekiti a njanji, njanji ndi matauni. Pambuyo pofukula ngalandeyo, makinawo amapopera konkire pamwamba pa thanthwe lozungulira kuti apange gawo loyamba lothandizira, zomwe zimalepheretsa kusintha kwa miyala. Ikatha kumalizidwa koyambirira, imathanso kupopera mbewu zina kuti mumsewuwo ukhale wolimba komanso wolimba. Zoyenera kwambiri m'malo otsekeka ngati ma tunnel, zimapereka kusuntha kwapamwamba komanso kusinthasintha kumayendedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana.
2. Civil Engineering: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokhazikika pamtunda, kukumba m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi kulimbikitsanso mapangidwe. Kwa madera omwe amakhala ngati kutsetsereka kwa mapiri ndi misewu, konkire yopoperapo imapanga chikhazikitso chothandizira kuti mapiri azikhala okhazikika. Pofukula maziko, makina osakaniza owuma amathandizira makoma a dzenje kuti asagwe. Imalimbitsanso zomangira zokalamba popopera konkriti pazigawo zina kuti zithandizire kunyamula katundu komanso kulimba.
3. Ukatswiri wa Hydraulic: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kukonza madamu, kulimbitsa makhola, ndi kuyatsa ngalande. Kwa madamu okhala ndi ming'alu kapena kutayikira, amakonza ma shotcrete ndi kulimbikitsa kuti asawonongeke komanso kuti asakokoloke. Pokonza ma culverts, ngalande zamadzi, ndi zinthu zina zama hydraulic, makina osakaniza owuma amamaliza ntchito yopopera mankhwala, kuwonetsetsa kuti malowa akugwira ntchito bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mizere ya ngalande kuti muchepetse kutayika kwamadzi panthawi yotumiza madzi.
4. Ntchito Zokonzera Mwadzidzidzi: Makina awa opopera mankhwala a dry shotcrete amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pokonzanso mwadzidzidzi pamalo ochitika masoka monga zivomezi, kugumuka kwa nthaka, ndi kugwa. Kwa nyumba zogwa, misewu, milatho, ndi zina, zopopera konkriti zowuma zimalola kugwiritsa ntchito konkriti mwachangu kuti kulimbikitsidwa kwakanthawi, kuletsa kuwonjezereka kwatsoka. Kutsatira masoka a kusefukira kwa madzi, kumathandizira kupopera konkriti mwachangu pokonzanso misewu ndi kukonza misewu, ndikufulumizitsa kukonzanso magwiridwe antchito komanso kufikika.

V. Ubwino waukulu & ubwino wa dry shotcrete kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa

Kufalikira kwa makina opopera konkriti owuma m'magawo angapo a uinjiniya kumachokera pazabwino zawo, makamaka:
1. Mwachangu Womanga:Dry-kusakaniza konkire sprayerskwaniritsani mitengo yogwiritsira ntchito mwachangu, yomwe nthawi zambiri imafikira ma kiyubiki metres 5-20 pa ola, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamapulojekiti akuluakulu, osatengera nthawi. Kuphatikiza apo, zidazi zimathetsa kufunikira kwa konkriti wosakanizidwa kale, kudutsa kusanganikirana kwa konkriti ndi njira zoyendera kuti muchepetse nthawi yomanga ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito. Mwachitsanzo, pakumanga koyambirira kothandizira, zopopera konkire zosakaniza zowuma zimathandizira kugwira ntchito mosalekeza, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri nthawi yoyika chithandizo.
2. Kusinthasintha Kwabwino Kwambiri: Zida izi zimagwirizana ndi matope osiyanasiyana osakaniza owuma ndipo zimakhala ndi zofunikira zosinthika pakukula kwa tinthu tating'ono ndi masanjidwe. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamphamvu ya simenti ndi mitundu yophatikizika (mwachitsanzo, mchenga wamtsinje, mwala wosweka, mchenga wopangidwa) ungasankhidwe potengera zosowa za polojekiti. Kuphatikiza apo, ma admixtures ngati ma accelerator ndi zochepetsera madzi amatha kuwonjezeredwa momwe amafunikira kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a konkriti, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera pama projekiti osiyanasiyana.
3. Kusinthasintha Kwachilengedwe Kwachilengedwe: Makina opopera a shotcrete owuma amawonetsa kukana bwino kwa malo ovuta, kukhalabe ndi ntchito yokhazikika pansi pamikhalidwe yovuta monga madera okwera, kutentha kochepa, malo owuma, ndi fumbi lambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pomanga ngalandeyo m'malo okwera kwambiri, zida zimatha kuyamba ndikugwira ntchito bwino popanda kukhudzidwa ndi kutsika kwamphamvu kwamlengalenga kapena malo opanda okosijeni. M'malo otsika kutentha, akagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anti-freeze agents, amatsimikizirabe khalidwe la kupopera kwa konkire ndi kukhazikitsa mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera ntchito yomanga kumadera akutali ndi malo ovuta.
4. Maonekedwe A Compact ndi Kuyenda Kwabwino Kwambiri: Makina opopera owuma a shotcrete amakhala ndi mapangidwe ophatikizika okhala ndi phazi laling'ono komanso kulemera kwake, kumathandizira kuyenda kosavuta ndi kusamuka. Pomanga m'malo otsekeka ngati ma tunnel ndi ma shafts a migodi, zida zimatha kusintha momwe zimagwirira ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kutsekedwa kwathunthu popanda malo osawona. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ina yonyamula imathandizira mayendedwe okwera pamagalimoto kapena zokokedwa, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera mapulojekiti okhala ndi malo amwazikana ogwirira ntchito komanso malo angapo ogwirira ntchito.
5. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Zowonongeka ndi Zowonongeka Zowonongeka: Njira yosakaniza yowuma imayang'anira ndendende kuchuluka kwa simenti ya madzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, kuchepetsa zinyalala za konkire ndikukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu. Kapangidwe kosavuta kachipangizo ndi magawo osinthika amathandizira kukonza kosavuta ndi ndalama zotsika mtengo. Kuphatikiza apo, kutsika kwake kogwira ntchito sikufuna akatswiri apadera, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito komanso kubweretsa zabwino zonse pazachuma.
6. Mphamvu yomangika kwambiri ya konkire yopopera: Njira yosakaniza yowuma imagwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero chochepa cha simenti ya madzi. Pansi pa mphamvu ya mpweya wothamanga kwambiri, slurry ya konkire imamatira mwamphamvu kumalo ogwirira ntchito. Chosanjikiza cha konkriti chomwe chimabwera chikuwonetsa mphamvu zomangika kwambiri ndi thanthwe kapena maziko ozungulira, kuphatikizika kwabwino, komanso kusamutsa katundu. Izi zimakulitsa kukhazikika ndi kudalirika kwa chithandizo kapena chinsalu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa simenti yamadzi otsika kumapereka mphamvu zopondereza komanso kukana madzi konkriti, motero kumakulitsa moyo wautumiki wa kapangidwe kake.

VI. Mitundu yamakina opopera mbewu mankhwalawa owuma

Gawo Dimension	Mtundu Wapadera	Zofunika Kwambiri	Zochitika za Ntchito
Mwa Mphamvu Type	Electric Motor	Mtengo wotsika mtengo, ntchito yosavuta, kuyamba kosavuta ndi kuyimitsa, kosavuta kuwongolera; kapangidwe kakang'ono, kakang'ono, koyenera kugwira ntchito m'malo opapatiza; palibe utsi utsi, wokonda zachilengedwe.	Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'migodi, ma tunnel, ma culverts, subways, ma projekiti a hydropower, etc.
	Pneumatic Motor	Palibe magetsi ofunikira, oyenera malo ogwirira ntchito akutali opanda magetsi kapena mwayi wovuta; dongosolo losavuta komanso lodalirika, losawonongeka mosavuta.	Oyenera ntchito zazing'ono monga kumanga dziwe losambira, kumanga ngalande, ndi kukhazikika kwa malo otsetsereka, makamaka kumadera akutali.
	Injini ya Dizilo	Kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, komwe kumatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zazikulu; kusuntha kwakukulu, popanda kudalira magetsi osasunthika, kumatha kusamutsidwa kupita kumalo osiyanasiyana ogwirira ntchito.	Zoyenera kumapulojekiti akunja monga ngalande zazikulu, kuteteza malo otsetsereka, mapulojekiti osungira madzi, ndi madera opanda magetsi osakwanira kapena opanda magetsi.
Ndi Mphamvu Yopanga (Volume Yotulutsa)	3-5m3/h	Voliyumu yaying'ono, kukula kophatikizika, ntchito yosavuta.	Ntchito zazing'ono, ntchito zosamalira tsiku ndi tsiku.
	5-10m3/h	Kuthekera kwapang'onopang'ono, koyenera pazosowa zaukadaulo wamba.	Ntchito zomanga zonse, kumanga misewu yayikulu.
	>10m3/h	Large linanena bungwe voliyumu, wamphamvu mosalekeza ntchito luso, heavy-ntchito kasinthidwe.	Ntchito zazikulu, zomangamanga zazikulu.

VII. Dry shotcrete kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa zida zosinthira

Zida zopumira pamakina opopera mankhwala owuma ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti zikugwira ntchito bwino komanso kukulitsa moyo wa zida. Zida zosinthira zapakati zimaphatikizanso magulu otsatirawa, kuphatikiza kufunikira kwa njira zokonzera zasayansi:
1. Nozzles: Monga gawo lama terminal la jekeseni wa konkriti slurry, ma nozzles amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi slurry yothamanga kwambiri ya konkriti ndi ma aggregates, kuwapanga kukhala amodzi mwa magawo omwe amavala mwachangu pazida. Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi ma alloys osamva kapena polyurethane, kapangidwe kake kakapangidwe kake zimakhudza mwachindunji kusakaniza kosakanikirana konkriti komanso kuphimba kutsitsi. Kuvala, kupunduka, kapena kutsekeka mu nozzles kumabweretsa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mosagwirizana ndi kutsika kwamphamvu, kusokoneza kapangidwe kake. Chifukwa chake, ma nozzles ndi zida zosinthira zofunika. Ndikofunikira kuti musunge kuchuluka kokwanira kutengera kuchuluka kwa zomangamanga, nthawi zambiri m'malo mwa nozzles pa 500-1000 cubic metres iliyonse ya konkire yopopera.
2. Machubu Osamva Kuvala: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza matope osakanizika ndi konkriti, makoma ake amkati amapirira kukangana kwanthawi yayitali komanso kukhudzidwa ndi zida, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke, kuwonda, kapena ngakhale kung'ambika. Izi zimayambitsa kutayikira kwa zinthu komanso kutayika kwamphamvu panthawi yotumiza. Machubu osamva kuvala nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi mphira wosamva ma abrasion kapena polyurethane, ndikusankha zinthu kutengera kutalika kwa mtunda ndi zinthu zakuthupi. Yang'anani pafupipafupi mapaipi osamva kuti awonongeka. M'malo mwake muwasinthireni mwachangu pamene makulidwe a khoma achepa ndi 30% kapena kudontha kumachitika kuti mupewe kutsika kwachangu.
3. Zisindikizo Zosindikizira: Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazigawo zogwirizanitsa zipangizo (mwachitsanzo, zosungiramo zosungirako zotumizira, zolumikizira mapaipi azinthu, ma air compressor interfaces) kuti asindikize motsutsana ndi mpweya ndi zinthu zomwe zimatulutsa. Mphete zosindikizira nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi mphira kapena silikoni. Kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali kungayambitse kukalamba, kusinthika, kapena kusweka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chisindikizo chilephereke. Chifukwa chake, mphete zosindikizira ndi zida zomwe zimafunikira kuwunika pafupipafupi ndikusinthidwa. Pakukonza zida, yang'anani bwino momwe mphete zosindikizira zilili.
4. Air Valve: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira kayendedwe ka mpweya woponderezedwa ndi kuwongolera kuthamanga, ichi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri lolamulira mu makina a pneumatic dry-mix shotcrete. Pakatikati pa valavu ndi mpando zimapirira nthawi yayitali kuchokera ku mpweya wothamanga kwambiri komanso kuvala kuchokera ku zonyansa, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala okonda kumamatira, kutayikira, ndi zina zomwe zimakhudza kukhazikika kwa kutsitsi. Kuyeretsa nthawi zonse ndi kudzoza kwa valve ya mpweya kumalimbikitsidwa, pamodzi ndi kuyang'ana pakati pa valve ndi kuvala mipando. Bwezerani nthawi yomweyo pamene zovuta zimachitika.
5. Sewero la Sefa: Yoyikidwa pa cholowera cha chakudya cha hopper yosungiramo, imasefa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa timadontho touma kuti tipewe kutsekeka kwa makina otumizira ndi ma nozzles. Kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali kumapangitsa kuti chinsalucho chikhale chodzaza ndi zonyansa, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Pamafunika disassembly ndi kuyeretsa nthawi ndi nthawi. Ngati chophimba chawonongeka, sinthani mwachangu kuti zonyansa zisalowe mu chipangizocho ndikupangitsa kuti ziwonongeke.

VIII. Dry shotcrete kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mtengo mtengo

Mtengo wa makina opopera a shotcrete umakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo, ndikusiyana kwakukulu pamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso masanjidwe. Mtundu wa makina opopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi mphamvu zotulutsa ndiye zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza mtengo. Zopopera zowuma zowuma zowuma, zodziwika ndi kukula kocheperako komanso kutulutsa kochepa (pansi pa ma kiyubiki mita 5 pa ola), ndizotsika mtengo. Mosiyana ndi izi, makina opoperapo owuma owuma owuma amakhala ndi zotulutsa zambiri (zopitilira 10 cubic metres pa ola) ndi zida zovuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wake ukhale wokwera. Mwachitsanzo, makina athu ang'onoang'ono opopera mankhwala a shotcrete nthawi zambiri amachokera ku $ 3,000 mpaka $ 7,000 USD, pamene zitsanzo zazikulu zimatha mtengo pakati pa $8,000 ndi $28,000 USD.

IX. Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi (FAQs) okhudza makina opoperapo owuma a shotcrete

Pansipa pali mafunso omwe ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri amakumana nawo posankha ndikugwiritsa ntchitomakina opopera mbewu mankhwalawa owuma, pamodzi ndi mayankho atsatanetsatane:
1. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa makina opopera konkriti owuma ndi osakaniza onyowa? Yankho: Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwagona pakukonzekera zinthu za konkriti ndi njira zoperekera. Dry-Mix shotcrete makina amanyamula chisakanizo chowuma chamatope, chomwe chimasakanizidwa ndi madzi pamphuno; makina onyowa-osakaniza shotcrete amapereka slurry wa konkriti wosakanizidwa kale kupopera mwachindunji. Ponena za magwiridwe antchito, makina ophatikizira owuma ndi ophatikizika, oyenda kwambiri, komanso okwera mtengo, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera malo otsekeka komanso mapulojekiti ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakatikati. Komabe, amatulutsa mpweya wochuluka wa fumbi ndipo amatha kuwonetsa mtundu wa konkriti wocheperako pang'ono. Makina ophatikizira osakaniza onyowa amakhala ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri, mtundu wa konkriti wosasinthasintha, komanso mphamvu zapamwamba, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala abwino pama projekiti akuluakulu, apamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, ndiambiri, okwera mtengo, ndipo amafuna kuwongolera mosamalitsa chinyezi.
2. Kodi munthu angasankhire bwanji makina opoperapo mankhwala owuma kuti apange ngalande? Yankho: Posankha chopopera chowuma chomangira ngalandeyo, ganizirani kukula kwa ngalandeyo, zofunikira za nthawi yomanga, ndi malo ogwirira ntchito omwe alipo. Kwa ngalande zing'onozing'ono (zodutsa magawo <10 m²), makina ophatikizika owuma owuma okhala ndi kuwongolera kwakukulu ndi oyenera malo otsekeka. Kwa ngalande zapakati (10-20 m² malo opingasa), makina ophatikizira owuma apakati amalimbikitsidwa, opereka zotulutsa zapakatikati (5–10 m³/h) kuti akwaniritse zomanga mosalekeza. Kwa ngalande zazikulu (zodutsa magawo> 20 m²) kapena mapulojekiti omwe ali ndi nthawi yothira, makina akuluakulu osakaniza owuma okhala ndi zotulutsa zambiri (≥10 m³/h) ayenera kusankhidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zokhala ndi mphamvu zolimba kwambiri ndizofunikira kuti zipirire malo ovuta kwambiri.
3. Kodi kukonza makina opopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi chiyani? Yankho: Njira zosamalira zimagawidwa m'magulu atsiku ndi tsiku, nthawi ndi chaka. Kukonza Tsiku ndi Tsiku (isanathe/ pambuyo pa tsiku lililonse la ntchito): Yeretsani pamalo azipangizo ndi ma hopper; kuyang'ana mphuno ndi kudyetsa payipi kuvala; sungani umphumphu wa chisindikizo pazitsulo zonse; perekani mafuta. Kusamalira Nthawi Zonse (maola 50 aliwonse ogwirira ntchito): Chitani macheke athunthu pa screw screw ndi valavu ya mpweya; zosefera zoyera; yang'anani ma hydraulic system (ngati ikuyenera) ya kuthamanga kwamafuta ndi kutayikira; sinthani ma nozzles owonongeka kwambiri ndi zidindo. Kukonzekera Kwapachaka (maola 1000 aliwonse ogwiritsira ntchito kapena pachaka): Chotsani zigawo zikuluzikulu (mwachitsanzo, makina otumizira, dongosolo lolamulira) kuti muwongolere bwino; m'malo mwa mafuta a hydraulic okalamba, mafuta odzola, ndi zisindikizo; sinthani zida zonse kuti muwonetsetse kuti magwiridwe antchito akugwirizana ndi mapangidwe.



4. Zomwe zimayambitsa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mosagwirizanamakina opopera mbewu mankhwalawa owuma? Kodi kuthetsa izo? Yankho: Zomwe zimayambitsa ndi izi: ① Kusakanikirana kwamatope owuma kapena kuphatikizika; ② Kusakhazikika kwa chakudya; ③ Madzi osakwanira kapena osagwirizana; ④ Kusinthasintha kwa kutsitsi; ⑤ Kuvala koopsa kwa nozzles. Mayankho: ① Yang'anani matope owuma kuti muwonetsetse kuchulukana kosakanikirana. Gwirani zitsulo musanagwiritse ntchito; kukhazikitsa kusakaniza zipangizo mu hoppers yosungirako ngati n'koyenera; ② Yang'anani njira yodyetsera (mwachitsanzo, screw auger, pneumatic conveying chipangizo) ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa chakudya kuti muwonetsetse kudyetsa kofanana; ③ Yang'anani kayendedwe ka madzi ndikusintha kayendedwe ka madzi kuti mukhale ndi chiŵerengero choyenera cha madzi ndi zinthu. Ikani valavu yoyendetsera madzi pamphuno kuti muyendetse bwino madzi; ④ Tsimikizirani momwe ma compressor amagwirira ntchito kuti muwonetsetse kuti kupopera mbewu kumakhazikika. Konzani kapena sinthani kompresa mwachangu ngati kupanikizika sikukwanira; ⑤ Yang'anani mphuno ngati yatha ndikuisintha nthawi yomweyo ngati yavala kwambiri.
5. Kodi kutalika kokwanira kwa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi kotani? Yankho: Kutalika kwakukulu kwa kupopera ndi kusiyanasiyana kumadalira mtundu wa zida, kuthamanga kwa kupopera, ndi kutalika kwa payipi. Zopopera zonyamula zowuma zowuma nthawi zambiri zimafika kutalika kwa 5-8 metres ndi 8-12 metres pazipita zopingasa. Makina apakati a pneumatic dry-spray amafikira 10-15 metres kutalika ndi 12-18 metres pazipita; Makina akuluakulu opopera amafika 15-20 metres kutalika ndi 18-25 metres pazipita. Kuti muonjezere kutalika kwa kupopera kapena kusiyanasiyana, onjezerani kutalika kwa payipi ya chakudya (pamene mukuwerengera kutsika kwa kuthamanga, nthawi zambiri osapitirira 50 metres) kapena gwiritsani ntchito makina opopera opopera kwambiri kuti muwonjezere kuthamanga kwa kupopera. Kuonjezera apo, kutalika kwa kupopera ndi kusiyanasiyana kumadalira konkire yosakaniza slurry mix ndi flowability, zomwe zimafuna kusintha koyenera kwa chiŵerengero cha simenti ya madzi ndi mlingo wosakaniza.
6. Kodi makina opopera mankhwala owuma ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito? Kodi ogwira ntchito amafuna maphunziro? Yankho: Ntchito yoyambira yopopera mankhwala ndi yowongoka, makamaka yomwe imakhudza kuyambitsa zida, kusintha kwa chakudya, malamulo operekera madzi, komanso kuwongolera kuthamanga kwa kupopera. Komabe, kukwaniritsa ntchito yolondola komanso kuonetsetsa kuti zomangamanga zili bwino zimafunikira maphunziro aukadaulo kwa ogwira ntchito. Maphunziro akuyenera kukhudza: mfundo zoyendetsera zida, ntchito zazikuluzikulu, njira zogwirira ntchito, njira zosinthira magawo, kukonza tsiku ndi tsiku, kutetezedwa, ndi njira zothandizira pakachitika ngozi. Ogwiritsa ntchito osaphunzitsidwa atha kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zida, kusakwanira bwino kwa kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kapenanso chitetezo (monga kupha fumbi, kuvulala kokhudzana ndi zida) chifukwa chosagwira bwino. Chifukwa chake, ogwira ntchito ayenera kuphunzitsidwa zaukadaulo ndikupeza ziphaso asanayambe ntchito.